Photo: G. Pascal Zachary
The typical farm in the sub-Sahara is small—just a few hectares—and family owned. “You seldom see the big, mechanized farms of the American Midwest,” says Zachary. Many farmers still use a hoe to till the soil; somewhat more advanced but more expensive is the ox plow. Few farmers can afford to keep their own oxen, so they may rent the animals and equipment as needed.















G. Pascal Zachary
is the author of Bush’s biography, Endless Frontier (1997), and the editor of The Essential Writings of Vannevar Bush (Columbia University Press, 2022). He has taught at Stanford University, UC-Berkeley and Arizona State University.
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