IEEE.orgIEEE Xplore Digital LibraryIEEE StandardsMore Sites
      Sign InJoin IEEE
      FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER
      Explore by topic
      AerospaceArtificial IntelligenceBiomedicalClimate TechComputingConsumer ElectronicsEnergyHistory of TechnologyRoboticsSemiconductorsTelecommunicationsTransportation
      IEEE Spectrum
      FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER

      Topics

      AerospaceArtificial IntelligenceBiomedicalClimate TechComputingConsumer ElectronicsEnergyHistory of TechnologyRoboticsSemiconductorsTelecommunicationsTransportation

      Sections

      FeaturesNewsOpinionCareersDIYEngineering Resources

      More

      NewslettersPodcastsSpecial ReportsCollectionsExplainersTop Programming LanguagesRobots Guide ↗IEEE Job Site ↗

      For IEEE Members

      Current IssueMagazine ArchiveThe InstituteThe Institute Archive

      For IEEE Members

      Current IssueMagazine ArchiveThe InstituteThe Institute Archive

      IEEE Spectrum

      About UsContact UsReprints & Permissions ↗Advertising ↗

      Follow IEEE Spectrum

      Support IEEE Spectrum

      IEEE Spectrum is the flagship publication of the IEEE — the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences. Our articles, podcasts, and infographics inform our readers about developments in technology, engineering, and science.
      Join IEEE
      Subscribe
      About IEEEContact & SupportAccessibilityNondiscrimination PolicyTermsIEEE Privacy PolicyCookie Preferences
      © Copyright 2023 IEEE — All rights reserved. A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.

      Enjoy more free content and benefits by creating an account

      Saving articles to read later requires an IEEE Spectrum account

      The Institute content is only available for members

      Downloading full PDF issues is exclusive for IEEE Members

      Access to Spectrum's Digital Edition is exclusive for IEEE Members

      Following topics is a feature exclusive for IEEE Members

      Adding your response to an article requires an IEEE Spectrum account

      Create an account to access more content and features on IEEE Spectrum, including the ability to save articles to read later, download Spectrum Collections, and participate in conversations with readers and editors. For more exclusive content and features, consider Joining IEEE.

      Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to all of Spectrum’s articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. Learn more →

      CREATE AN ACCOUNTSIGN IN
      JOIN IEEESIGN IN
      Close

      Access Thousands of Articles — Completely Free

      Create an account and get exclusive content and features: Save articles, download collections, and talk to tech insiders — all free! For full access and benefits, join IEEE as a paying member.

      CREATE AN ACCOUNTSIGN IN

      Valarie Romero

        Valarie Romero
          Articles by
          A female student holds up a robot in a classroom
          The InstituteTopicTypeNews

          6 Things That Can Help Propel Girls in STEM

          Making the subject matter accessible, welcoming, and exciting

          02 Jan 2020
          3 min read
          Illustration of several people looking at computers, with large screens showing what they are looking at, and icons referring to programming languages.
          The InstituteTopicTypeNews2019

          Educational Resources That Get Students Up to Speed on Advanced Manufacturing and Programming Languages

          These websites teach the skills needed in a competitive job market

          19 Aug 2019
          2 min read
          Three students in a TryEngineering Together sponsored classroom work on creating windmills after reading about wind energy on the TryEngineering Together platform.
          The InstituteTopic2019TypeNews

          These STEM Websites Use Games and Quizzes to Inspire Young Women

          EngineerGirl and IEEE TryEngineering teach girls about the field

          07 Aug 2019
          3 min read

          Trending Stories

          The most-read stories on IEEE Spectrum right now

          The InstituteTopicArticleTypeHistory of Technology

          Ethernet is Still Going Strong After 50 Years

          The InstituteTopicArticleType

          Pioneer of Google’s Data Centers Dies at 58

          CareersTopicMagazineTypeRoboticsProfile

          Imagineer Morgan Pope Uses Electromagnetism to Spark Emotions

          About IEEEContact & SupportAccessibilityNondiscrimination PolicyTermsIEEE Privacy PolicyCookie Preferences
          © Copyright 2023 IEEE — All rights reserved. A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.