Animals are born with innate abilities and predispositions. Horses can walk within hours of birth, ducks can swim soon after hatching, and human infants are automatically attracted to faces. Brains have evolved to take on the world with little or no experience, and many researchers would like to recreate such natural abilities in artificial intelligence.
New research finds that artificial neural networks can evolve to perform tasks without learning. The technique could lead to AI that is much more adept at a wide variety of tasks such as labeling photos or driving a car.
Artificial neural networks are arrangements of small computing elements (“neurons”) that pass information between them. The networks typically learn to perform tasks like playing games or recognizing images by adjusting the “weights” or strengths of the connections between neurons. A technique called neural architecture search tries lots of network shapes and sizes to find ones that learn better for a specific purpose.
The new method uses this same search technique to find networks for which the weights don’t matter. For such a network, the network’s overall shape drives its intelligence—and could make it particularly well-suited to certain tasks.
“If animals have all these innate behaviors, and some neural networks can do well without a lot of training, we wondered how far we could push that idea,” said Adam Gaier, a computer scientist who was the paper’s lead author while working at Google Brain.
The process begins with a set of very simple networks that link inputs—say, data from a robot’s sensors—to behavioral outputs. It evaluates the nets’ performance on a given task, keeps the networks that performed best, and mutates them, by adding a neuron, adding a link, or changing how sensitive a neuron is to the sum of its inputs. In the evaluation phase, a shared random number is assigned to all of a network’s weights. (This is actually done for several random numbers, and the results are averaged.)
The results are called Weight Agnostic Neural Networks (WANNs). These networks get points for performing well on the task and also for being simple. While typical networks for the tasks in this study might have thousands of neurons and weights, the WANNs had only a handful of neurons and a single weight.
Somehow the WANNs still performed respectably. The research team compared them with standard network architectures whose weights were refined through experience to master three simulated tasks: driving a racecar, making a bipedal robot walk, and controlling a wheeled cart to balance a pole.
A minimal architecture discovered in earlier generations is capable of controlling the Bipedal Walker shown here as it moves forward, despite not achieving an excellent score.Image: Google Brain
WANNs achieved scores ranging from about a sixth to half those of the trained nets. When the researchers assigned the best-performing weight instead of a random one, those numbers ranged from two thirds to four fifths the trained nets’ scores. And if, after evolution, the WANNs were trained in the same way as the much larger standard networks, their performance was on par.
On a task that involved recognizing written digits, WANNs achieved greater than 90 percent accuracy (versus 99 percent for a larger network trained on the task). The research was presented last month at the Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) conference, in Vancouver, Canada.
“The fact that they make the whole thing work is very impressive,” said Rosanne Liu, a computer scientist at Uber AI Labs who was not involved with the research. Others have tried and failed to develop networks that don’t depend on weights. Gaier says the breakthrough was originally a bug that assigned the same number to all weights, which ended up simplifying the architecture search.
While the WANNs’ performance didn’t supersede that of larger trained networks, the method opens a new pathway for finding network architectures specially adapted for various tasks, in the way that parts of the brain are wired differently for specific purposes. Convolutional neural networks, featuring an architecture catered for image recognition, mirror the structure of the brain’s visual cortex, for example. Gaier believes many more building blocks may be out there, ready to make AIs smart from birth.
